The Power of the Press African American News Publications in the Jim Crow Era

Throughout United States history, the press has played a significant role in social conflicts and political events. In the African American community, newspapers played a vital role in fighting racism and social injustice. As early as 1827, writers John B. Russwurm and Samuel Cornish published the Freedoms Journal  for the freed African American community. Freedoms Journal was also the first African-American news publication. Following in Russwurm and Cornishs footsteps, abolitionists such as   Frederick Douglass and Mary Ann Shadd Cary published newspapers to campaign against enslavement.   Following the Civil War, African American communities throughout the United States desired a voice that would not only expose injustices, but also celebrate everyday events such as weddings, birthdays, and charity events. Black newspapers cropped up in southern towns and northern cities. Below are three are the most prominent papers during the Jim Crow Era.   The Chicago Defender Published: 1905Founding Publisher: Robert S. AbottMission: The Defender utilized the tactics of yellow journalism to expose racism and oppression that African-Americans faced throughout the United States. Robert S. Abott published the first edition of The Chicago Defender with an investment of twenty-five cents. He used his landlord’s kitchen to print copies of the paper—a collection of news clippings from other publications and Abott’s own reporting. By 1916, The Chicago Defender boasted a circulation of more than 15,000 and was considered one of the best African-American newspapers in the United States. The news publication went on to have a circulation of over 100,000, a health column and a full page of comic strips. From the outset, Abbott employed yellow journalistic tactics-sensational headlines and dramatic news accounts of African-American communities throughout the nation. The tone of the paper was militant and referred to African-Americans, not as black or negro but as the race. Graphic images of lynchings, assaults and other acts of violence against African-Americans were published prominently in the paper. As an initial supporter of The Great Migration, The Chicago Defender published train schedules and job listings in its advertising pages as well as editorials, cartoons, and news articles to persuade African-Americans to relocate to northern cities. Through its coverage of the Red Summer of 1919, the publication used these race riots to campaign for anti-lynching legislation. Writers such as Walter White and Langston Hughes served as columnists; Gwendolyn Brooks published one of her earliest poems in the pages of the Chicago Defender. The California Eagle Published: 1910Founding Publisher(s): John and Charlotta BassMission: Initially, the publication was to help African-American migrants settle in the West by providing housing and job listings. Throughout the Great Migration, the publication focused on challenging injustice and racist practices in the United States. The Eagle led campaigns against racism in the motion picture industry. In 1914, publishers of The Eagle printed a series of articles and editorials protesting the negative portrayals of African-Americans in D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation. Other newspapers joined the campaign and as a result, the film was banned in several communities across the nation. On the local level, The Eagle used its printing presses to expose police brutality in Los Angeles. The publication also reported on and discriminatory hiring practices of companies such as the Southern Telephone Company, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, Boulder Dam Company, the Los Angeles General Hospital, and the Los Angeles Rapid Transit Company. The Norfolk Journal and Guide Published: 1910Founding Publisher: P.B. YoungCity: Norfolk, Va.Mission: Less militant than newspapers in northern cities, the publication focused on traditional, objective reporting of issues impacting African-American communities in Virginia. When The Norfolk Journal and Guide was established in 1910, it was a four-page weekly news publication. Its circulation was estimated at 500. However, by the 1930s, a national edition and several local editions of the newspaper were published throughout Virginia, Washington D.C., and Baltimore. By the 1940s, The Guide was one of the best-selling African-American news publications in the United States with a circulation of more than 80,000. One of the biggest differences between The Guide and other African-American newspapers was its philosophy of objective news reporting of events and issues facing African-Americans. In addition, while other African-American newspapers campaigned for the Great Migration, the editorial staff of The Guide argued that the South also offered opportunities for economic growth. As a result, The Guide, like the Atlanta Daily World was able to acquire advertisements for white-owned businesses on a local and national level. Although the papers less militant stance enabled The Guide to garner large advertising accounts, the paper also campaigned for improvements throughout Norfolk that would benefit all of its residents, including reducing crime as well as improved water and sewage systems.

Physics of Soccer - 1579 Words

The Physics Of Soccer Soccer is a sport that’s very challenging and during the course I’ve found physics can also be described as challenging. As far as I was concerned soccer and physics were both challenging and that was all they had in common, consequently upon researching them both this I found that I was wrong. For me this was nothing new because I’ve found that physics isn’t a subject that can be skimmed, but rather it has to be studied to the finest detail. Those small details if missed can make all your efforts worthless. Or on the positive side understanding those details can make your efforts worth it in the end. And in soccer if you understand the physics, which to most players would be considered as the small details, it pays†¦show more content†¦If you do not believe me about the incredible things that Roberto Carlos has done click on the link below and you will be amazed. The shots he takes are so amazing because they wrap around the defenders and then in stantly turn into the corner of the goal. This curvature is due to the fact that there is a low-drag, high-turbulent airflow working against the ball pushing it to the side due to the air resistance. To get his desired curve Roberto Carlos had to kick the ball with enough force to give it an initial velocity fast enough to get passed the defenders before the ball slows down and its smooth-airflow stage ends. Then he also had to put enough side spin on the ball to give it a rotating motion. Once past the defenders the balls smooth-airflow stage ends and the angular velocity put onto the ball comes into play causing the ball to turn directions. Many people can make a soccer ball curve some, but no one can do it as well as Roberto Carlos. Another aspect in Roberto Carloss game that is amazing is the fact that he can kick the ball at such a fast velocity. In fact, he has been known to kick the soccer ball as hard as ninety miles per hour. When kicking this hard it is hard for the goalie to do anything about it. Adidas is the leading researcher when it comes to the game of soccer. To an amateur soccer player all soccer balls being used probably feel about the same when playing, but the professionals canShow MoreRelated physics of soccer Essay809 Words   |  4 PagesPhysics of Soccer nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Eleven men take the field on a warm sunny day in South Korea. Thousands of anxious soccer fans await the blow of the referee’s whistle to commence the culmination of the world’s greatest sporting event, The World Cup. Thirty-two once stood now only two remain .The pitch is fair and the competition is fierce, four time defending champ Brazil looks confident as it glares across at its nemesis for the duration of ninety minutes, Germany. The entireRead MoreEssay on Physics of Soccer1792 Words   |  8 PagesPhysics of Soccer I. Introduction Soccer is a sport that’s very challenging and during the course of this semester I’ve found physics can also be described as challenging. As far as I was concerned soccer and physics were both challenging and that was all they had in common, consequently upon researching them both this semester I found that I was wrong. For me this was nothing new because I’ve found that physics isn’t a subject that can be skimmed, but rather it has to be studied toRead MorePhysics Of Kicking A Soccer Ball1353 Words   |  6 Pages The Physics of Kicking a Soccer Ball Alexander Trifu Physics 1000 Professor Terry Arnio Friday, February 19, 2016 Introduction Soccer is the most prominent game on the planet. Soccer players all work hard to stay as fit as possible and constantly train to enhance their skill. A large portion of players don t consider the scientific concept of this amazing sport and the soccer ball itself. I inquired about the material science of soccer and found some exceptionally fascinatingRead MoreThe Effect Of Physics On Soccer And How It Impacts The Overall Game1595 Words   |  7 Pages Cowans 1 PHYSICS OF SOCCER Tatiyana Cowans Physics Ms.Moore 11/3/2015 Cowans 2 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION Soccer is an International sport played all over the world. Soccer consist of two teams trying to score a soccer ball into a goal on the opposing team’s side of the field without using their arms or hands. This sport is straightforward and simple, but relates to physics in many ways. The basic movement of kicking a soccer ball requires forceRead MoreEffect of Spin on the Trajectory of a Kicked Soccer Ball Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: I chose this project because soccer is one of the things I love to do. Soccer is one of the most popular sports across the whole world. In soccer being able to curve a soccer ball is very helpful for multiple reasons. One reason is to bend a ball around the a wall of players. Second to possibly score an amazing goal. And last of all to make a simple pass around a defender to a teammate. Anybody that plays soccer and enjoys it probably knows about the famous Roberto CarlosRead MoreThe Soccer Ball: Effect of Air Pressure on the Movement of the Soccer Ball824 Words   |  4 Pagesskill, and knowing more about the soccer ball, the individual will! The soccer ball is a very interesting object. A soccer ball has to have a certain amount of air pressure in order to work properly. The air also affects the soccer ball’s flight. The soccer ball is also made of different kinds of material and has different sizes. In the next couple of paragraphs I will tell you more about a soccer ball and the air pressure. The first soccer ball was a rubber soccer ball made of pig or ox bladder withRead MoreThe Soccer Ball By Physical Theory1570 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of how the soccer ball is spinning and not spinning. Also, the people who are playing soccer, do not think much about the principle of the soccer ball applied scientific facts and they are not aware of it. This background is the reason why I want to research, there are interesting factors in the soccer ball by physical theory. These physical theories are not only on the soccer ball but also it also applies to other sports or practical life but I will focus on aspect of soccer. The importanceRead MoreAngle of Shooting in Soccer1434 Words   |  6 Pagesscoring. My heart started pounding rapidly, I ran closer to the goal, and took the shot. I missed. My dad started teaching me to play soccer since I was very young. He used to be a soccer team’s captain when he was in university, so he was very good at soccer. Every weekend, he would bring my brother and me to a soccer field in our neighborhood, and we would play soccer with other people until sunset. Every time we go there, we always ended our days by practicing our shots. I still remembered learningRead MoreThe Science of Soccer1130 Words   |  5 PagesSoccer is my favorite sport. Soccer is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a circle shaped ball. This game is played on a rectangle shaped field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by using any part of the body (besides arms and hands) to get the soccer ball into the opposing goal. There are so many things that go into making a soccer game function. Science, math, and many other things help this game run properly. Weight and mass play a big part inRead MoreSoccer : Soccer And Soccer1589 Words   |  7 Pages Elijah Bowers Ms. Kelly Lepsig English IV 28 October 2016 Soccer History and Soccer Athletes When I was 11, I joined a youth soccer league thinking that it was going to be the easiest sport i ever played. I soon came to realize that this was not the case. Soccer was more challenging than I thought. So that s why i Quit and played Baseball. I think I made the right decision. Soccer is the world s most popular sport.(according to espn.com rankings) It is the national sport of most European

A Critical Analysis of The Hero free essay sample

A Critical Analysis of The Hero, with References to Beowulf. After critical analysis and in-depth reflection, I have adopted the belief that heroes, despite their extraneous characteristics, have very similar values to the people that follow them. This point of view can best be explained using three key points of focus. These points are as follows: The similarity of a higher guidance In times of need, the similarity of the code of honor that they live by, and the fact that no matter who the hero Is, he or she Is under pressure to be a successful role model. The similarity of higher guidance In times of need Is the easiest and most direct of all the three factors. Most heroes, but not all, live their lives In allegiance to God or another worshiped figure. Take the story of Beowulf for example. Beowulf was without fear when he faced the monster known as Greened. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Analysis of The Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This Is due to the fact that Beowulf lived a life of faith. Faith in God assured him that win or lose, he was fighting for everything that represented good. He was ready to die, and would be honored to do so, especially in such a dramatic battle of good against evil. Beowulf oath reached so high that when fighting Greened; he had not a shred of fear. He was positive that he was doing Gods bidding, and for this was the lifestyle a hero should strive to achieve. The people that followed him and believed him are no different. People have relied on faith throughout time. There are many people that live lives of purity and worship. There are also many people that believe that God has decided their fate already, and they are mere servants living out a script of divine creation.Although slight differences are present, faith is equally important in the lives of those ho embrace it, whether they are a hero or a lowly servant. I believe the correct view on the subject is that no matter who you are, you are still Gods love and servant. This unites every class, as long as they chose to believe it. Another communal characteristic of heroes and those who follow them Is the fact that everyone lives by a code of honor. Heroes live by a higher code of honor than those who follow them.For heroes, their actions must either all be in accordance with the rules set by their master, or greatly excel the expectations that are held for others. Going out of their way at every possible Instance Is considered mandatory. The main point of all of this Is not that they actually do all these things, but that they proudly enjoy performing the tasks given to them. Everyday people are the same, Just less Intense. Everyone has a code of honor. Some have a higher level than others. One person may live by a code of honor consisting of no regulations at all.Another could live by the regulations that they cant go against the bible, cant break the law, and occasionally have to try to be nice to people. In another case, a person could see the minimum code of conduct in their life being to live their life in the footsteps of God, obey all laws, and do every possible act of humanity and good will that they can. The point is that no matter who the subject is, be it hero or zero, everyone has a code of conduct that they chose to live by or disregard. The choice is for the person to Heroes are under great pressure to always do the right thing.Sometimes doing the right thing is the hardest thing to do. Perhaps being a hero is not so great after all. Trying to live a faithful and honorable life, it can be hard to please everyone. Being a hero means having people know and react to the actions produced by that hero. Therefore, being a hero is synonymous with being a role model. There is no question as to whether or not the hero will strive to the right thing. But it is possible that others may interpret the heros actions incorrectly and doubt the heros faith and Judgment.I can see where it could be hard for a hero to accomplish his goals when they are for the benefit of people that dont care for him. A good hero will overcome this hurdle and realize that his intentions will be condoned and supported in retrospect. People are the same. It doesnt matter who you are, because everyone looks up to someone and is influenced by his or her actions. It is hard to do the right thing when you have to second-guess every decision in order to please people.A true hero does what he/she believes is right, and worries what others think only when they have realized that the hero was right all along. In conclusion, despite their extraneous characteristics, heroes have very similar values to the people that follow them due to the facts that: The similarity of a higher guidance in times of need, the similarity of the code of honor that they live by, and the fact that no matter who the hero is, he or she is under pressure to be a successful role model.

Planarians Lab Report Sample

Planarians Lab Report Paper One Planarian Labels Scalpel Pipette Petri Dish Ruler (mm) Spring Water Safety Concerns: Sharp Objects Proper Attire Procedure: 1) Wear proper attire before starting the experiment. 2) Pick up the planar Ian with a pipette and put in the Petri dish with spring water in the dishes. 3) Label the Petri dish with the names and date. 4) Observe the planar Ian and record the initial length of the planarian in millimeter by using a ruler. 5) Cut the planarian horizontally in half. Using the scalpel, cut away from the body. ) Observe one half of the planarian and re cord the length of the planarians head in millimeters. Ail in millimeters. 8) Repeat steps 5 and 6 over 6 more observation days. Table 1. Planarians Lengths Over Six Observation Days Date Initial Length (mm) Head Length (mm) Tail Length (mm) 10/09/14 mm m mm m mm 10/14/14 mm 10/15/14 mm (First Growth) 10/16/14 mm 10/17/14 mm (First Growth) 10/20/14 mm Missing Calculations: To see what half of the planarian grew the most, take the starting length of the half and subtract from the ending length for the calculation of the overall g Roth. For example, take 4 millimeters away from 6 millimeters for the head length and 2 millimeters away from 3 millimeters for the tail length. Then c ampere the two final answers to see which planarian grew the most. In the experiment the head grew more than the tail by 1 millimeter. Analysis: The initial length of the planarian head was 4 mill meters. The initial length of the planarian tail was 2 millimeters. By the third day the planarian was observed, the planarian he ad grew 1 millimeter while the planarian tail stayed at 2 millimeters. On the fifth day the planarian was observed the planarian head grew another mill meter and the planarian tail grew 1 millimeter. The last day the planarian was observed the planarian head was the same length at 6 millimeters and the planarian tail was missing. Overall, the planarian head grew 2 millimeters and the planarian tail grew 1 millimeter. The average gar with rate for the planarian head was h millimeter per observation day. The average growth for the planarian tail was 1/6 per observation day. We will write a custom essay sample on Planarians Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Planarians Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Planarians Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Conclusion: If the planarian is horizontally cut in half, then the planarians head will genera et the most. Before the experiment the planarian head was thought to grow m ore than the planarian tail. After the experiment the planarian head ended up growing more than the planarian tail. The hypothesis for the experiment was s purported by the data. Over the observation days the planarian head seem De to have a more rapid growth than the planarian tail. Table 1 shows that he planarian head started to grow on the seventh day of the experiment while the planarian tail started to grow on the ninth. As seen in Table 1, over the co ruse of 6 observation days the planarian head grew 1 millimeter more than t he planarian tail. Based on the hypothesis before the experiment started, the e planarian head was thought to grow more than 2 millimeters overall. The plan rain tail grew 1 millimeter overall concluding that planarian head grew the most. Further Studies: In the experiment two questions arose. What were to happen if the pal naira were in different types of liquids such as spring water or spring eater with vinegar? Would the planarian still live in different environ moments? If the planarian is put into a Petri dish with vinegar, then the planarian will still be able to live. Limitations: One limitation in this experiment could have been human error. The SST dents could have spilt the water out of the Petri dishes and could have 10 SST one of the planarian. If the water was spilt then the data would be oaf acted because the students would no longer have one of the planarians and would have to start a new data table for a new planarian. To prevent FRR mom spilling the students could have done the experiment in the same place w ere the students kept the planarian.